New Economic Globalisation Indicators From Eurostat

Eurostat has published a new set of economic indicators because of the new needs created by the globalisation of the world economy. Five aspects of economic globalisation have been identified: international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), employment, the value added of MNEs and the internationalisation of technology.

Twelve indicators in total are included in the framework: imports of goods and services as % of GDP, exports of goods and services, export/import ratio; inward FDI stocks as % of GDP, outward FDI stocks as % of GDP, FDI flows intensity; employment in foreign controlled enterprises as a share of total domestic employment, employment development in foreign controlled enterprises, employment development in foreign affiliates; R & D expenditure in foreign controlled enterprises as a share of total R & D expenditure; value added in foreign controlled enterprises as a share of total value added and value added development in foreign controlled enterprises.

The Europe 2020 initiatives included having an industrial policy for the globalisation era to support the development of a strong and sustainable base to compete globally. These indicators are an essential part of making the policy effective.

Agricultural Prices Fall But Still Above Last Year

Farm gate prices fell by 6.2% in July but they remain 4.9% above last year's prices. Input prices also fell by 1.1% in July but they are also above last year's prices by 2.9%.

Output prices fell across the board in July except for forage crops. Cereals fell 8.3% due to a fall in demand as traders expect global production to rise, but prices are still 0.4% higher than last year. Global supply is also keeping the price of oilseed rape down. OSR prices fell 13% in July and are 11% down on last year.

Potato prices fell 46% on the month due to early potato prices which fell 8% as the season ended. Vegetables fell 13% and are 11% down on last year. Cauliflowers fell 57%. Increased supply, warm weather and low demand combined to bring the prices down.

Livestock prices were better as animal and animal products prices increased 0.2% on the month and 11% on the year. The rise was mainly due to a 1.9% increase in the price of milk which is 19% higher than last year.

Feed prices have seen a gradual fall of 2.4% over the last few months but they are still 12% above this time last year. Feed cereals saw the biggest fall in price with an 8.6% fall.

Fall In Global Food Prices In April

Global food prices fell by over 4 points in April according to the monthly Food Price Index (FPI) of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). The FAO index of 213.9 compares with the index of 217 for March 2012. The main components of the index all fell in price with the exception of the Meat Price Index which increased by 0.9 points. The price indices of the dairy, cereals, oils and sugar sectors all fell in April. The index had risen month on month since November 2011. Prices are still much lower than the same month last year when the index was at 234.9.

Global FDI Rises But Financial Turmoil Slows Growth

Inflows of global foreign direct investment (FDI) rose by 2% in the first half of 2011 compared with the second half of 2010 according to the latest Global Investment Trends Monitor released by UNCTAD. The increase maintains the 5% moderate recovery of 2010.

The effects of the financial crisis however are precipitating a slowing down of growth in FDI according to preliminary estimates of cross-border mergers and acquisitions and greenfield investment. The outlook is predicted to remain optimistic with FDI flows expected to be close to pre-crisis levels over the next twelve months. The emphasis on crisis management is making policy makers more cautious diverting attention away from the need for more private investment to generate growth and jobs.

In the first half of 2011 more than half of global FDI was directed towards developing and transition economies as transnational corporations are still directing their investment to emerging markets. Developed economies experienced a 4% decline in FDI in the first half of 2011.

OECD Economic Outlook Is Uneven Growth

The May OECD Economic Outlook says growth is gradually increasing in the OECD area but at different rates across different regions, especially in emerging-market economies. Risks in global recovery may even greater now. The upturn is in large part due to keeping markets open, pulling the economy out of recession.

The emerging economies are experiencing a re-opening of imbalances. China, however, is an example of strong domestic demand preventing a large external surplus rising to pre-crisis levels. Appropriate policies are still required to address global inequalities. The G20 is given as being potentially important in identifying and implementing a set of policies for more sustained and balanced growth. International collaboration will also be required for progress in financial market reform.

Even though growth has been taking place, unemployment has increased by over 16 million in the OECD area over the last two years but it is less than expected. Employment growth prospects in some European economies and Japan are weak. A jobs recovery could take place with appropriate cost-effective labour market and social policies that support workers in danger of long-term unemployment.

Instability in sovereign debt markets and overheating in emerging market economies are significant risks that may jeopardise the recovery. Monetary policy should be returned to normal as soon as possible and support removed. Exit strategies must take account of fiscal consolidation so as not to put pressure on interest rates. Much of the turbulence has been calmed by the response of euro-area governments and the European Cenral Bank though underlying weaknesses remain and structural adjustments will have to be made.

Euro area architecture will have to be strengthened considerably to get rid of doubts about the viability of monetary union raised by the sovereign debt crisis. Domestic policies should be strengthened for more competitiveness but fiscal discipline is also important. Spending cuts must preserve the cost-effectiveness of programmes helpful to growth. Consolidation strategies must include structural reforms for growth.

Reforms of labour and product markets should be implemented for an increase in output, innovation and to prevent increases in unemployment.

Growth Could be Faster

IMF say that the recovery is taking place more quickly than expected but it is uneven. With the right co-ordination it could be faster and more even with growth of 2.5% or 30 million jobs globally.

Threats include fiscal debts in some countries, possible asset 'bubbles' in emerging economies and the danger that consolidation in some parts of the world could have effects on others.

World leaders will discuss policy options at the coming world leaders summit in Canada. Ministers have already agreed on a number of reforms following the global crisis - greater transparency, stronger capital and liquidity standards, fair and substantial contribution, supervision of hedge funds and credit rating agencies and a single set of global accounting standards.

Am I My Brother's Guardian? - Risks In International Marketing

The globalisation process has meant radical changes all over the world. Global competition affects everything everywhere. For many people the world has got a lot smaller in terms of geographical and cultural differences. Many businesses have been able to expand their market coverage. Companies are able to take advantage of new opportunities in selling and buying abroad (Kotler, 1999).

International firms may have to co-ordinate their operations functions across borders. The various departments of a company may take place in several countries. Those who want to 'Buy British' may have to carry out some research to find out where the parts, components, manufacturing and assembly of their desired items were carried out. British products are often made abroad and 'foreign' products made here (Kotler, 1999).

Global marketing means that more companies than ever are in strategic alliances with other companies from abroad to some degree. The need for technological and marketing resources is forcing companies to look for partners. Customers expectations are raised by these developments. 'More for less' is offered by many companies and customers are offered quality products at discount prices (Kotler, 1999).

At the same time consumers expect businesses to take responsibility for the social and economic impacts of their activities. Pressure groups are placing strict demands on companies regarding air, water and soil pollution, rain forests, global warming and endangered species (Kotler, 1999). Ethical requirements differ from one place to another. Business practices in some countries may create a moral dilemma for businesses with social and environmental policies (Brassington and Petitt, 2000).

Customers are more internationally oriented and suppliers have to follow. In the service industry it may be better to stay close to the customer and locate appropriately. Culture is important and understanding the conventions and etiquette of the local culture is vital (Brassington and Petitt, 2000).

The economic risks are also greater than before. International marketing involves exposure to exchange rate risks. Changing currency from home to host or some other agreed currency and then buying the item may involve a change in the exchange rate. The ERM reduces most of the uncertainty for members. A strong currency can put potential traders off. A weak pound favours exporters. High foreign country debt and inflation may be problematic. In poor countries the problem might be inability to pay. Entry requirements to host countries relate to a variety of working practices and marketing mix adaptation costs will also have to be considered (Jeannet and Hennessey, 1998, Kotler, 1999).

Businesses also face risk due to changes in the political climate affecting the way partners interact. A company could lose all of its investment in another country because of the influence of special interest groups and the prevailing political philosophy. A sudden change of power may lead to a hostile political climate. It is advisable to do a political risk assessment where there is any doubt about a potentially volatile political climate. The assessment can be integrated into risk reduction strategies to help with business continuity in the markets entered, to leave a market or not enter and to analyse genuine market opportunities (Jeannet and Hennessey, 1998).

Competitive behaviour and product liability regulations can be complex. International and supranational regulations can be contradictory or enforced differently. Complaints about unfair competition can be taken to the host country, the regional bloc, like the EU, or global bodies like the WTO.

The broadening of marketing boundaries brought about by globalisation and the complete changes in Eastern Europe has produced trends of trade liberalisation, deregulation and privatisation (Jeannet and Hennessey, 1998). It will bring opportunities and competition. Systems and structures can be developed to exploit the opportunties that arise.